Fig. 2
A Schematic illustration of liposome preparation and aptamer conjugation, created with Biorender.com. B DOX encapsulation was confirmed by DOX absorbance (λmax = 485 nm). It provides information on the presence of DOX before and after purification, indicating the encapsulation of DOX within the liposomes. C The proper synthesis of liposomes was observed through TEM imaging. The scale used is 200 nm, and the imaging was conducted using a high voltage of 120 kV. D UV–Vis spectrophotometer results illustrate the concentration of aptamers before and after purification by DNA absorbance (λmax = 260 nm), confirming the conjugation and enabling the calculation of the conjugation rate. E DLS results present the volume PSD of conjugated and non-conjugated liposomes with aptamers, respectively. F DLS results present the volume PSD of conjugated and non-conjugated liposomes with aptamers, respectively. Conjugated aptamer-liposomes exhibit aligned peaks, while non-conjugated liposomes with aptamers display random and scattered peaks. G Gel electrophoresis results are presented, indicating the binding of aptamers with liposomes. LA and LDA show no bands, unlike LA–N and LDA-N, suggesting the successful conjugation of aptamers with liposomes. DOX, Doxorubicin; TEM, Transmission electron microscope; DLS, Dynamic light scattering; PSD, Particle size distribution; LA, Liposome-aptamer; LDA, Liposome-DOX-aptamer; LA–N, Liposome-aptamer non-conjugated; LDA-N, Liposome-DOX-aptamer non conjugated