Fig. 4

a VIS bioluminescence imaging, NIR-II fluorescence imaging and NIR-II bioluminescence imaging of the same tumor in a nude mouse. Scale bar, 1 cm. b T/N ratios of different optical imaging methods in a, black dashed line indicates the Rose criterion. Bars represent mean ± s.d. derived from n = 3 independent measurements. c Schematic illustration of executing fluorescence imaging and bioluminescence imaging simultaneously on one nude mouse carrying lymph node metastases. Blue arrows indicate the subcutaneous injection location. d Fluorescence imaging (top) and bioluminescence imaging (bottom) of lymph node metastasis and the corresponding high-magnification imaging (right). Scale bar, 5 mm. e Intensity profiles along the lymphatic vessels in d. f NIR-II fluorescence imaging and NIR-II bioluminescence imaging of peritoneal metastases (No. 1–7) Scale bar, 1 cm. g T/N ratios of corresponding serial number tumors in f. Black dashed line indicates the Rose criterion. Bars represent mean ± s.d. derived from n = 3 independent measurements. h H&E staining results of metastatic tumors (No. 1–7) margin in f. All borderlines between early metastatic lesions and normal tissues can be observed. All the metastases were confirmed to be malignant and repeated for three times in independent experiments. Scale bars, 0.2 mm. Source data underlying b, e and g are provided as a Source Data file. Copyright ref [69], Nature Publishing Group 2020